The retroactive application of the law is prohibited by Article 3 of the Polish Civil Code, and the legal provision prohibiting such retroactive application is usually stored in the form of the Latin expression Lex retro non agit (“A law does not apply retroactively”). However, this section allows for the retroactive application of an Act of Parliament if it is expressly apparent from its enactment or purpose. The same article in Section XL subsequently prohibits criminal laws. As in France, there is an exception where retroactive criminal laws benefit the accused. For more information on ex post facto, see this article from the University of Chicago Law Review, this article from Berkley Law Review, and this article from the University of North Carolina Law Review. Finally, in Calder v. Bull, the Court expressly stated that a law that “appeases” a criminal offence is merely retroactive and not retroactive. [47] The researchers argued that the term a posteriori refers to both civil and criminal law. [48] In the United Kingdom, retroactive legislation is permitted on the basis of the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. Historically, all Acts of Parliament prior to 1793 were ex post facto Acts, as their effective date was the first day of the session in which they were passed. This situation was corrected by the Act of Parliament (Acts of Parliament) 1793 (coming into force). Changes in punishment. – In Calder v.
Bull, Chase J. gave an alternative description of the four categories of ex post facto legislation, two of which concerned sentencing. One such category was laws imposing sanctions “if the party was not punished in accordance with the law”; the other was laws that provide for a heavier penalty than that allowed when the crime was committed.2050 Retroactive criminal laws are prohibited under Article 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights, to which the UK is a signatory, but several prominent judicial authorities have expressed their view that parliamentary sovereignty takes precedence here too. [35] [36] For example, the War Crimes Act 1991 created retroactive jurisdiction of British courts for war crimes committed during the Second World War. Another important example of a case showing the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy in action is Burmah Oil Co Ltd v. Lord Advocate, where the courts` decision was overturned retroactively by the War Damages Act 1965, which amended the Burma Scorched-Earth Compensation Act during the war. More recently, the Police (Detention and Bail Act) 2011 retroactively overturned a controversial court judgment resulting from an error in the drafting of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, which could have overturned thousands of criminal convictions. The Convention also discussed whether the prohibition of retroactive legislation applies only to retroactive criminal statutes or whether it also prohibits retroactive civil law10FootnoteId. at 448–49, 617. Delegates rejected a proposal that would have amended the federal clause ex post to apply explicitly to civil law, but they did not clearly resolve the issue.11FootnoteId.
at 617. See also id., p. 440 (in light of an amendment to the state`s ex post facto clause that would have instead prohibited the enactment of retroactive laws). Shortly after ratification, in Calder v. Bull in 1798, the Supreme Court interpreted the constitutional prohibition of ex post facto laws as prohibiting only retroactive criminal laws.12Footnote3 U.S. 386, 389 (1798). See also 3 Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States § 1339 (1833). The sense that retrospective laws violate natural law is so strong in the United States that few, if any, state constitutions have not prohibited them.
The Federal Constitution prohibits them only in criminal matters; But they are just as unfair in civil cases as they are in criminal cases, and omitting a warning that would have been right does not justify doing the wrong thing. Nor can it be presumed that Parliament intended to use an expression in an unjustifiable sense if it can ever be constrained to what is right by rules of interpretation. At the Constitutional Convention, several delegates expressed their disapproval of the laws after the fact.